In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is characterized by smooth or regular paths of fluid particles, in contrast to turbulent flow, which is characterized by the irregular movement of particles of the fluid. Simple mathematical analysis is possible, but the laminar flow is rare in practice in water systems.The average flow velocity is approximately one-half of the maximum velocity. The flow velocity profile for laminar flow in circular pipes is parabolic in shape, with a maximum flow at the center of the pipe and a minimum flow at the pipe walls. Layers of water flow over one another at different speeds with virtually no mixing between layers. For laminar flow, fluid particles move in straight lines.Usually, a low-velocity flow is required, but this also depends on the size of an object. In which V is the mean flow velocity, D is a characteristic linear dimension, ρ fluid density, μ dynamic viscosity, and ν kinematic viscosity. It is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. The Reynolds number is one of the characteristic numbers used for predicting whether a flow condition will be laminar or turbulent.When the inertial forces dominate over the viscous forces (when the fluid flows faster and Re is larger), the flow is turbulent.
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